រដ្ឋ Kayin State

រដ្ឋ Kayin State មានព្រំដែនរដ្ឋជាមួយ Kayas  (ពីដើមគឺជរាដ្ឋ Karenni) ជាឈ្មោះថ្មី ត្រូវបាន យោធាភូមារ ផ្លាស់ប្តូរនៅឆ្នាំ ១៩៨៧ ពី Karen State ទៅជា Kayin State វិញ។ មូលហេតុនៃការផ្លាសប្តូរ ដោយសារមានចលនាបៈបោរតាំងពីឆ្នាំ ១៩៤៧ គ្រាដែល មេដឹកនាំរដ្ឋ ការែន មិនព្រមចុះកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងជាមួយ ភូមារ ជារដ្ឋចំណុះ តែចង់បានជាឈ្មោះរដ្ឋឯករាជ្យ គឺមិនចូលរួមការបោះឆ្នោតនៅភូមារឆ្នាំ ១៩៤៩ ហេតុនេះ ចលនាបៈបោរប្រដាប់អាវុធ កើតមានឡើង គឺកងទ័ព  KNU/KNLA។ យោងតាមផែនទី នេះ សព្វថ្ងៃ ភូមារគ្មានឈ្មោះរដ្ឋ ការែន ទេ មានន័យថា កងទ័ព ការែនបៈបោរ ត្រូវប្រយុទ្ធជាមួយកងទ័ព កាយិន Kayin និង កងទ័ព ណៃពិដោ របស់ភូមារ។ ប្រជាជន ការែន មានជាង ០៥ លាននាក់កំពុងរស់នៅតាមបណ្តាប្រទេសនានាដូចជា៖

Myanmar	3,604,000[2]
Thailand	1,000,000[3]
United States	215,000 (2018)[4]
Australia	11,000+[5]
Canada	4,515[6] – 5,000[7]
India (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)	2,500[8]
Sweden	1,500
Other countries combined	200,000+

ការដូរឈ្មោះ ពី ការែន ទៅជា កាយិន គឺជាប្រភពនៃជំលោះពូជសាស្រ្ត ។ ការកាត់ដី រដ្ឋ មន រដ្ឋ ការ៉ានី បញ្ជូនជារដ្ឋ កាយិន ក៍ជាជំលោះ។ សាសនាខុសគ្នា ក៍ជាជំលោះ ដែលនាំឲ្យមានការកងទ័ពច្រើនប្រភេទ ដែល កងទ័ព កាយិន Kayin/Karen ការែន ចែកជា ០៦ គឺ 

1. កងទ័ពគ្រឹស្ត KNU/KNLA Peace Council មានទ័ពប្រមាណ ​២០០ នាក់
2.  កងទ័ពពុទ្ធសាសនា Democratic Karen Buddhist Army (DKBA) មានទ័ពប្រមាណ ៥,០០០ នាក់
3. កងទ័ព Karen National Liberation Army  (KNLA) មានទ័ពប្រមាណ ១៥,០០០ នាក់
4. Karen National Union (KNU) មានទ័ពច្រើនជាង ៥,០០០ នាក់
5. Karenni National People's Liberation Front (KNPLF )មានទ័ព ៤,០០០ នាក់
6. Karenni National Progressive Party  (KNPP) Or I(KNPP) កម្លាំងទ័ព ៧០០- ១,០០០ នាក់

The region that forms today's Karen State was part of successive Burmese kingdoms since the formation of the Bagan Empire in mid-11th century. During the 13th to 16th centuries, much of the region belonged to the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, while the northern part of the region belonged to Taungoo, a vassal state of Ava Kingdom. The region became part of Taungoo Dynasty and Konbaung Dynasty from 16th to 19th centuries. The British seized the southern third of today's Karen State (below the Salween River) after the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1826), and the rest after the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852.

Towards the end of the British colonial era (1945-1948), the Karen leadership insisted on a separate state covering today's Karen State and much of Mon State and Taninthayi Region, within the British Empire. They refused to sign the Panglong Agreement of February 1947, which was the basis for the 1947 Constitution of Burma, and boycotted the pre-independence elections of April 1947.[4] Nonetheless, the constitution granted the Karen a state, though with an area less than what the Karen leadership had asked for from the British. The constitution also guaranteed states with the right to secede from the Union after a period of 10 years. (The Panglong Agreement gave only the Shan and the Kachin a state each; the Chin who actually signed the agreement did not receive a state.) The Karen National Union (KNU), which dominated the Karen leadership, was not satisfied, and wanted outright independence. In 1949, the KNU raised a rebellion that continues up to today.[5] The KNU celebrates January 31 as 'revolution day', marking the day they went underground at the battle of Insein.

Much of the state has been a battlefield since then. The civilians have taken the brunt of the war. The KNU today forms the world's longest-running resistance. The military government purportedly changed the English name of the state to Kayin State from Karen State in 1989.

Since 1976 the KNU has called for a federal system rather than an independent Karen State. In January 2012, Myanmar's military-backed civilian government signed a ceasefire deal with the KNU in Hpa-an, the capital of eastern Kayin State. Aung Min, the Railway Minister, and General Mutu Sae Poe of the KNU led the peace talks.

The KNU/KNLA Peace Council (KPC)  is an armed opposition group in Myanmar (Burma).[1] It was founded on 31 January 2007 by Major General Saw Htay Maung, the then-commander of the 7th Brigade of the Karen National Liberation Army (KNLA). Despite its name, it is neither part of nor sponsored by its former parent organisation, the Karen National Union (KNU), nor the KNLA.[2] The group is a signatory of the Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement, which was finalised in 2015

A Karen ethnic rebel group on Wednesday defied a military order not to carry weapons and wear uniforms, saying it would not let its guard down despite a cease-fire agreement between the two sides.

Karen Rebel Group Defies Myanmar Military Order to Disarm Col. Saw Tiger, who leads a small armed group called the KNU/KNLA-Peace Council—a splinter group of the Karen National Union (KNU)—said the order by the local armed forces commander in Kayin (Karen) state’s Myawaddy town  threatened ongoing talks for a nationwide cease-fire agreement between ethnic groups and the government.

“[Threatening us] is not a good practice while we are in the midst of the peace process,” Saw Tiger told RFA’s Myanmar Service, referring to a letter from the commander of the government’s Light Infantry Battalion 275 informing his group that they could not carry weapons or wear uniforms when traveling in Myawaddy.

“The whole world knows we are working towards peace. If lower level military leaders act this way, it will damage the image of [President Thein Sein] and Senior General Min Aung Hlaing [commander-in-chief of the Myanmar Armed Forces],” he said.

In a letter dated Sept. 14, the commander of Light Infantry Battalion 275 informed the KNU/KNLA-Peace Council that “starting today, we fully prohibit all armed groups to wear uniforms and hold guns while traveling in the town,” the Irrawaddy online journal reported, quoting Saw Tiger.

“In urgent cases, your liaison offices in Myawaddy first need to inform us about the number of troops and guns, and where they want to go, before they can travel in the town,” the letter said.

According to Saw Tiger, the letter said that traveling in Myawaddy in full uniform “disturbs the citizens” and asked his group to “act in accordance with the rule of law, which is the basis of our cease-fire agreement.”

He said his group would ignore the order and that it had imposed its own restrictions on the government troops.

In response to the letter, the KNU/KNLA-Peace Council on Wednesday issued a statement banning government troops from entering Kayin state.

It said that in special circumstances, Myanmar’s military would have to inform Saw Tiger who is leading the troops, the number of soldiers, and the type and quantity of weapons, as well as where and when the group would be traveling in the region.

Saw Tiger told RFA that the statement would also be delivered to both Thein Sein and Min Aung Hlaing.

“We said in the statement that the KNU/KNLA had asked Myanmar’s military not to travel with weapons in the state because it makes the people concerned,” he said.

When asked if the statement would ratchet up tensions between the two sides, Saw Tiger said that the Myanmar military had begun the tit-for-tat with Sunday’s letter, but added that he did not expect the exchange to affect relations.

“When the military knows a mistake was made, the superiors must correct the lower-level troops,” he said.

“We didn’t release today’s statement because we hate them. It is meant to be more of a suggestion or a way of educating them about what they did wrong.”

Military letter

The Irrawaddy quoted Saw Tiger as saying that in addition to the KNU/KNLA-Peace Council, two other Karen armed groups—the Democratic Karen Benevolent Army (DKBA) and the small rebel group Klohtoobaw Karen Organization (KKO)—had also received the military’s letter.

The journal quoted Maj. Saw Roe, in charge of the KNU liaison office in Myawaddy, as saying he did not receive the government order, though he added that KNU officers do not wear uniforms or carry arms in the town.

The KNU, the DKBA, the KNU/KNLA-Peace Council, and the KKO all have signed bilateral cease-fires with the central government and are allowed to maintain liaison offices in Myawaddy, where their soldiers regularly travel.

The letter marked the first time the three Karen armed groups had been ordered to disarm when entering the town, according to the Irrawaddy, which said it was unclear what prompted the message.

Some observers have suggested that the letter from the military commander in Myawaddy, which borders Thailand, was sent after the KNU/KNLA-Peace Council temporarily blocked 30 trucks that were attempting to transport Thai goods across the border last week.

The Irrawaddy reported that the move was “a show of force meant to draw the attention of Thai authorities,” whom the KNU/KNLA-Peace Council has accused of mistreating and extorting migrant workers from Myanmar, citing daily bribes they are forced to pay when crossing the border for work.

The KNU/KNLA-Peace Council have threatened to stage another blockade if they are not granted a requested tripartite meeting with the Myanmar and Thai governments to address migrant workers’ mistreatment, the report said.

Nationwide cease-fire

Some KNU leaders are thought to be eager to press ahead with a government-spearheaded effort to ink a nationwide cease-fire agreement between Naypyidaw and Myanmar’s ethnic armed groups after the KNU suspended its participation in a bloc of 12 ethnic armed groups known as the United Nationalities Federal Council (UNFC) on Sept. 1.

The KNU said it would instead focus its peacemaking efforts on a process led by the Nationwide Ceasefire Coordination Team (NCCT), an alliance of 16 ethnic armed groups, raising speculation that the Karen might take the lead in pushing for the nationwide peace deal.

Myanmar’s government has failed several times to meet deadlines it has set for signing the accord, but hopes to finish the process this month and ahead of national elections next year.

The NCCT is due to meet on Sept. 22 with government negotiators from the government’s Union Peacemaking Working Committee (UPWC), led by President’s Office Minister Aung Min, in Yangon to continue discussions on the pact.

SUMMARY កងទ័ព  KNU/KNLA

Founded: 31 Jan. 2007

Headquarters: Tokawko, Kawkareik Township, Karen state

Operational Area: Tokawko village, Kawkareik Township, and Mae Hla Hta village in Hlaing Bwe Township, Karen state

Strength: <200

The KNU/KNLA Peace Council was formed after the former KNLA brigade 7 commander Maj.

Gen. Saw Htay Maung was dismissed by the KNU for initiating peace talks with the Myanmar

army without the approval of the KNU central committee in 2007. Maj. Gen. Saw Htay Maung

signed a peace deal with the Myanmar junta on January 31 that year and transformed his

brigade 7 into the KNU/KNLA Peace Council.

Leadership

Leader: Maj. Gen. Saw Htay Maung (also known as Maj. Gen. Saw Htein Maung)

Foreign Affairs Dept: Dr.Timothy Laklem

CEC member: Brig. Gen. Yin Nu

The KNU/KNLA Peace Council’s aim and determination is:

1. To stop all kinds of military offenses against the Karen including stopping atrocities, forced labor and any form of human right abuse.
2. To regain the Karen land.
3. To solve the refugees and IDP problem by allowing refugees to return to their homeland to live peacefully under the care of the KNU/KNLA Peace Council (not under Burmese military). Allowing UNHCR, NGOs and other aid agencies to have access to take care of rebuilding the Karen community.
4. To allow Karen to cultivate our own land and utilizing our own natural resources to develop the Karen state. That includes infrastructure, farming, tourism, fisheries, import /export trade, schools, hospitals, medical care etc.
5. To allow Karen to freely practice religious and cultural celebrations including Karen National Day, Martyrs Day, Karen New Year etc.
6. To hold the legal right to have our own arms and set up our own Karen army forces to protect the safety and peaceful living of our own people. Recognition of both the Karen National Flag and Military Flag.
7. To support non-violent activity that will bring political change to Democracy and the Karen to hold the right to develop our own Democratic society within our own State as well as Burma as a whole.